BATTLEFRONT - MACARTHUR'S WAR SCENARIOS
Strategic Studies Group (SSG)


LEARNING TO PLAY THE GAME

You have just stepped into the muddy combat boots of General
Milburn,  commander of the United Nations  29th  Brigade  in
Korea. The date is April 22nd, 1951. You are deployed on the
Imjin River, north of Seoul, with about 6,000 crack troops.
Facing you across the river is General Peng commanding about
20,000  troops of the Peoples' Republic of China,  beginning
the 1st Step of their 5th Phase offensive. General Ridgway's
"meat-grinder"  tactics have caused heavy attrition  on  the
Chinese forces and they have been forced to replace many  of
their veterans with green troops. Still, you can expect  the
Chinese to attack with their usual reckless courage, and  it
won't  be an easy job to hold them off. If you fail,  it  is
very likely that Seoul will fall yet again and that won't do
your future career prospects any good at all...
As  well as this scenario booklet, you will need to have the
game map in front of you and to have located the appropriate
area for the Imjin scenario. The Imjin situation map in this
booklet will also help you orient yourself to the action.
Finally, the accompanying illustrations identify the various
icons  which  represent the military  units  on  the  screen
during the game.
(a). Starting Up. Start up your computer using the procedure
given  in  the  preceding chapter. Menu A  (Start  Up  Menu)
appears to the right of the title page. Have a look  at  the
AII/C64/IBM menu card. As is the case with every menu in the
game, you use the arrow keys to locate your choice from  the
menu  and  then  type  (RET) to select  it.  IBM  users  may
alternatively use a function key to locate and select a menu
item.  The <SET-UP> line in Menu A is the third line in  the
menu; therefore f3 will select it. Similarly, f4 will select
the <GOTO DOS> line.
If  you select the wrong menu, don't worry. Apple II and IBM
users  type  (ESC) to go back to the previous menu;  C64/128
users  type (f1). IBM and Apple II users note that the (DEL)
key will also serve as an (ESC) key in most situations.
(b). Selecting the Imjin Scenario. Before we can start play,
we have to select the Imjin scenario, tell the computer that
we will control the Allied forces and decide whether we wish
to use a handicap. Use either arrow key to locate the <GAME>
line  and  type (RET) to go to Menu B (Location Select).  At
this  point,  IBM  owners using 5.25" or 3.5"  floppy  disks
should  remove Disk One from the drive and replace  it  with
Disk  Two (3.5") or Disk Three (5.25"). Apple II owners with
one disk drive should remove the game disk, turn it over and
put it back in the drive.
Use  an  arrow  key to locate the <SCENARIO> line  and  type
(RET)  to go to Menu C (Scenario Menu). Use an arrow key  to
locate the <IMJIN> line and type (RET) to go to Menu E (Edit
Utility). The scenario briefing screen is displayed  to  the
left  of  the menu window. IBM users must select  the  <LOAD
GAME>  line  and then position the cursor over  the  <IMJIN>
line and type (RET).
Use an arrow key to locate the <EDIT> line and type (RET) to
go to Menu N (Enhanced Opponent). We must now decide whether
to  play  an enhanced computer opponent. Since we  are  just
starting  out, this probably isn't a good idea.  Locate  the
<NORMAL>  line  and  type (RET) to go to  Menu  F  (Handicap
Utility).  Since  this  is only a  tutorial,  we  will  give
ourselves a break. The handicaps below the <NO EFFECT>  line
benefit  the Allies/United Nations, those above benefit  the
Axis/North Koreans and Chinese.
Use  an arrow key to locate the <MAJOR> Allied line and type
(RET)  to  go to Menu G (Player Select). Locate the <ALLIED>
line  and  type (RET). The cursor has been thrown  into  the
briefing  screen and you have the opportunity to change  the
commanders' names. Do this if you wish, otherwise type (RET)
until you get back to Menu E (Edit Utility).
Have  a last look at the briefing screen and you'll see  the
Allies have a major handicap advantage, the Axis forces will
be  run by the computer and the Allied forces will be run by
human hands.
Use  an arrow key to locate the <START> line and type  (RET)
to go to Menu H (Game Master). That's the preliminaries over
with.  We're just about ready to play. Turn your  menu  card
over to the game side.
(c). The First Turn. Back to Menu H. A current turn briefing
appears to the left of the menu window. This scenario starts
on  the  pm.  turn and it is turn 3 of 19. Subsequent  lines
tell  you  the  time  of day and the date,  the  atmospheric
weather  and the expected weather forecast. The  weather  is
fine and stable.
IBM  users  should note that the <AXIS> and  <ALLIES>  lines
have been replaced with <CHINA> and <U.N.>.
The  <AXIS>  and  <RUN  5>  lines  in  the  menu  have  been
overprinted with a solid bar to show that you cannot  access
them.  The  solid bar will disappear from the <RUN  5>  line
after the <ALLIES>/<U.N.> line has been accessed. This is to
guard  against accidentally selecting <RUN 5> before issuing
your   orders.  The  <AXIS>/<CHINA>  line  will  always   be
overprinted during the game. The computer does not want  you
to see what it is doing!
Locate the <ALLIES> line and type (RET). This brings you  to
Menu   2  (Operations).  Your  choices  here  are  <ORDERS>,
<REPORTS>  or  <OPTIONS>. Apple II and C-64 users  can  only
access the <RESIGN> option. The screen will be showing  part
of  South Korea, around the junction of the Imjin and Hanton
rivers.  Below  the map is a summary of your force  identity
and the victory points you have accumulated to date; i.e. if
you were to end the game at this point you would have scored
225  VPs.  (That's  the  value of  all  the  objectives  you
currently  control;  unfortunately the number  will  dwindle
over the next four days!).
(d).  Reviewing  Your  Forces. Before issuing  orders  we'll
review  our  forces, examine the battlefield, the objectives
and the enemy forces.
Select the <REPORTS> line to go to Menu 4 (General Reports).
This  is just a branch menu. Select the <STATUS> line to  go
to Menu 5 (Unit Status).
For  Apple  II  and C-64 users, the name of your  senior  HQ
appears  beside its I.D. code in the menu window.  You  have
one  senior HQs under your command. IBM users will  the  see
the  names  of  the  senior  HQs  appearing  in  the  window
themselves with any current objective assigned to the  major
HQ  appearing beside the menu window. In this case, there is
just  one  senior  HQ,  the 29th Bde, and  no  objective  is
currently assigned to it.
Select  the  <SHQ 1> or the <29th Bde> line to  display  the
components of the 29th Bde. This screen displays the  status
of an entire senior HQ at a time. There are four junior HQs,
all  of  which  are on the battlefield at the start  of  the
scenario. Each junior HQ controls three or four units  while
the senior HQ controls an additional four units which can be
freely allocated to any of the junior HQs during the play of
the  game.  These flexible units are called assets  and  are
shown  at  the  top  of the display. For example,  the  45th
Artillery  Battery is currently attached to JHQ 1  (the  Nth
Fus   Bn).  The  other  three  assets  will  arrive  on  the
battlefield  during the course of the game. The  8th  King's
Royal  Irish  Hussars will arrive on turn 9, the  Philippine
armoured unit and the Puerto Rican infantry on turn 8.
The  display  tells you the identity, unit  type,  level  of
fatigue  and  the  experience  of  each  unit.  Any   losses
sustained by a unit are shown on the right-hand side of  the
screen.
The  status  screen is quite useful and should be  consulted
about once a day to get an overview of the condition of your
troops.
Type  (ESC/f1)  until  you return  to  Menu  4.  Select  the
<OBJECTIVE>   line  to  obtain  Menu  6  (Examine   Friendly
Objective).  The  cursor  will  be  high-lighting  the  East
Crossing.
The  text summarises the turns for which Victory Points  are
received,  the number of VPs per turn, and any  VPs  awarded
for control at the end of the game. These values are for the
U.N. player; the Chinese player may well have both different
objectives  and/or different values. In this case,  for  the
U.N.  player, the objective is active for turns 1 -  12,  is
worth  2  VPs  per  turn  and a further  10  VPs  if  it  is
controlled  at the end of the game. The icons in the  centre
of  the display show that the East crossing is on low  scrub
terrain and is U.N. controlled.
The  arrow  keys  will cycle through all of  your  objective
hexes.  Use  them now to look at all of your  objectives  to
gain  an  idea of your overall requirements for winning  the
game.  There  are nine other objectives. Check  this  screen
often as the game progresses to make sure you are on track.
Consider the display in the bottom right of the screen.  The
solid  area is the overall map size. The smaller  white  box
represents  the  location  of the  hexes  currently  on  the
screen.  As  you move the cursor to different parts  of  the
map,  the  small box will move to show the relative location
of the current screen against the overall map.
Type  (ESC/f1)  to  return to Menu 4.  We  can  examine  the
battlefield with the aid of the <MAP WALK> routines.  Select
<MAP WALK> to bring up Menu 7.
The  cursor and any visible objectives will be flashing. Use
the  arrow keys or the I,J,K,M keys to move the cursor  over
the battlefield. You can examine the terrain, the objectives
or enemy and friendly units.
Move  the  cursor to the Chinese unit on just to the  north-
west  of Hill 194. You are told it is a large infantry  unit
contacted by friendly forces.
Move  the cursor to the U.N. unit on Hill 257. A full status
report is provided about the unit.
Now  type  (RET) to bring up the <MAP WALK> menu.  Selecting
the <CONTROL> line will display the who controls each hex on
the  battlefield. Hex control is very important for movement
and resupply.
Selecting the <ROADS> line will temporarily remove the roads
from the map.
Selecting  the <CLEAR MAP> line will temporarily remove  all
units from the map.
These three features are cumulative; i.e. any or all of them
can be active at the one time.
Type (ESC/f1) to go back to Menu 4.
Let's give those rotten Commies some stick!
(e).  Issuing Orders. Type (ESC/f1) to bring up Menu  2  and
select the <ORDERS> line to bring up Menu 8. Select the <SHQ
1>/<29th  Bde>  line  to bring up Menu  9  and  then  select
<ORDER> to bring up Menu 13. We have four junior HQs to give
orders to.
Select <JHQ 1>/<Nth Fus>. The flashing cursor indicates that
the  junior  HQ  is  in  the  <CONTACT>  state.  This  state
determines  what sort of orders we can give.  The  component
units  of  the  junior HQ (which include an Artillery  asset
from  the senior HQ reserve) have been highlighted and their
target is indicated by the target marker. Select the <UNITS>
line.  The  arrow  keys will cycle the  cursor  through  the
component  units of the junior HQ. We can see that  we  have
three units of veteran infantry, one veteran mortar unit and
a  unit  of elite 25 pdr guns. All units are fresh.  To  the
right  of  the  unit description you can see  what  type  of
terrain  the  units  are  in,  which  is  either  hills   or
foothills.
The <UNITS> line is always available from this menu. Use  it
to  keep up with the location and condition of the units  in
each  junior HQ as we go through them. Note that  IBM  users
can access the Map Walk routines from Menu 14.
Type  (ESC/f1) to return to Menu 14 and select the <CONTACT>
line  to bring up Menu 18. This is the menu with the  actual
orders  for a junior HQ in the <CONTACT> state. Our  options
are   <RESERVE>,  <DEFEND>,  <SUPPORT>  and   <PROBE>.   The
situation at the moment calls for resolute defence as we are
pretty heavily outnumbered. Select <DEFEND> and you will  be
returned to Menu 17.
Type  (ESC/f1) to go back to Menu 13. <JHQ 2>/<Glosters>  is
in a <READY> state. Select <READY> to bring up Menu 16 which
displays the orders that can be given to a junior HQ in  the
<READY>   state.  The  options  are  <RESERVE>,  <OBJ'TIVE>,
<ENEMY>  and <DEPLOY>. We want the Glosters to move  up  and
defend the West Crossing; the longer we can keep the Chinese
north  of the river, the better our chances will be.  Select
the <OBJ'TIVE> line and use the cursor keys to cycle through
the  objectives  to  "West C'sing" and then  type  (RET)  to
select  it. The four units in the Glosters will move  toward
the objective in the next turn.
Now  select  the <JHQ 3>/<Ulsters> line, also in  a  <READY>
state. We will keep this formation in reserve and commit  it
later, when we have seen how the battle develops. As all the
component  units  are fresh, we need not issue  a  <RESERVE>
order. Instead, we will tell the junior HQ to <DEPLOY>.
Finally,  select the <JHQ 4>/<Belgian> line. This  formation
is  in  the <ENGAGED> state. Select the <ENGAGED> line.  The
options  available  are  <RESERVE>,  <DEFEND>,  <DELAY>  and
<ATTACK>.  Against  the  large  number  of  Chinese   troops
flooding  south, <DEFEND> is probably the best option.  Note
that  the  <ATTACK> option allows the use of  an  additional
combat  menu.  Don't use it this turn! Select  the  <DEFEND>
line and then type (ESC/f1) twice to return to Menu 9.
What additional help can we give our brave men? Well, we can
provide  them  with <SUPPORT> in the form  of  off-map  air-
strike/artillery fire and with <ASSETS> in the form of units
attached directly to the senior HQ.
First to <SUPPORT>. Select the <SUPPORT> line and you'll see
you  have  25 points of support at your disposal. (This  can
fluctuate  from turn to turn.) The Nth Fus (JHQ 1)  and  the
Belgians  (JHQ  4)  are in <CONTACT> or <ENGAGED>  with  the
enemy  and they need all the help they can get. The Glosters
and the Ulsters are in the <READY> state and therefore don't
need support. In fact, you should never waste support points
on  units  in  the <READY> state. They gain no benefit  from
them!
Assign  12  points  to  the Nth Fus and  13  points  to  the
Belgians. That will help break up any Chinese attack!
Now  to  assign <ASSETS>. Selecting the <ASSETS>  line  will
bring up Menu 11. Only the 45th Royal Artillery is currently
on  the map and it is assigned to the Nth Fus (JHQ 1). Leave
it  that  way  for this turn. You should check  your  assets
every  turn  and assign them, especially artillery,  to  the
junior HQ that most needs them.
There is no need to <MOVE SHQ>.
(f).  The First Turn Reviewed. We have issued defend  orders
to  the  Nth  Fus  and the Belgians, directed  the  Glosters
toward  an  objective  and deployed  the  Ulsters.  We  have
allocated  air  support to those formations which  need  it,
assigned a divisional asset to the Nth Fus and examined  all
the troops under our command. Now it is time to fight.
(g). The Computer's Role. Type (ESC/f1) until you return  to
Menu  H,  the  Master Game Menu. If you think all  is  ready
select  <RUN  5>. Combat and movement will then  occur.  The
Chinese may not attack you attack on the first turn, but you
will  get a combat report if any combats do occur.  Hit  the
space  bar to continue after each report. Each junior HQ  is
identified  as  the attacker or defender and  their  current
orders  appear underneath. IBM users are provided with  some
additional  graphics. Up to three bomb icons can  appear  to
the  right  of the I.D. This tells you how much support  has
been  added to the formation; none, light, medium or  heavy.
Up  to  three crosses can appear beside the formation order.
This  tells you how many strength points have been  lost  by
that  formation; none, light (less than 10%),  medium  (20%-
30%)  or  heavy  (more  than 30%). If  three  'death  heads'
appear, the unit has been KIAd (killed in action, destroyed,
rubbed out... however you like to describe it!).
After  the  first turn is finished you will be  returned  to
Menu H.
(h). The Game Plan. The fortunes of war being what they are,
it  is not exactly possible to say how things will run.  The
Chinese  troops  are going to flood on in huge  numbers  and
although  you  have some very good soldiers  on  your  side,
theirs  will  not  be  an easy task. You  cannot  stop  them
completely  but you must force them to take heavy casualties
for  their  territorial  gains and  slow  them  as  much  as
possible.
Some  brief  points  to help you win the day.  Your  veteran
troops,  with  their heavy air support,  are  man  for  man,
easily  a  match for the opposition. But they  heavily  out-
number  you. Don't let the small number of Chinese units  on
the  map at the start fool you... enemy reinforcements  pour
in  on the second day! You must therefore deploy your troops
carefully  to  defend key points, moving your small  reserve
around  as  necessary. On occasion, a well-supported  attack
will  be  effective  but you must watch fatigue  and  supply
levels.
More  than  anything this short scenario, and the  decisions
you  will  have to make, illustrates the amazing flexibility
of  the Battlefront Game System. There are no hard and  fast
rules as how to play each game. You must tailor your tactics
to suit your objectives, the forces you have in hand and the
opposition you face. What works in one situation must be re-
evaluated to see if it will work when circumstances change.

3. THE SCENARIOS
There  are  8  scenarios included with the  MacArthur's  War
game.  The Imjin scenario (#8) is the tutorial and is highly
recommended   for   beginners.  In   order   of   increasing
difficulty,  the other scenarios are Chipyong (#7),  'Across
the  38th'  (#1), Chosin reservoir (#6), Taejon (#2),  Unsan
(#4), Naktong Bulge (#3) and Chongchon (#5).
In  addition  to  the  general  history,  each  scenario  is
accompanied by a short historical briefing, a situation  map
which shows the locations of the opposing junior HQs at  the
start of the battle, player's notes and scenario variants.
Before  playing a scenario, we recommend you  read  all  the
notes and examine the situation map.

THE KOREAN WAR (1950-1953)
Introduction
Upon  casual observation, the Korean War may appear to  have
been  merely another cruel civil war, of no concern  to  the
rest of the world. Only by closer examination can we hope to
see  the true depth of the conflict, and thus comprehend the
current state of world affairs. To gain this knowledge,  one
must look to the past.
An  ancient  Korean proverb declares that  when  two  whales
battle,  the  shrimp is crushed between them.  Much  to  her
misfortune,  the "Land of the Morning Calm" has always  been
the shrimp of the east, cast into a troubled sea between the
giant  whales of Russia, China and Japan. In the  summer  of
1950,  the  prophecy would be realised during  the  conflict
between ideological giants which was the Korean War.
A  study  in contrasts, the terrain of the Korean  peninsula
varies drastically. Great lunar mountain ranges of the north
and  east balance deep valleys and lowlands of the south and
west.  Rich  with  minerals and industry,  the  north  could
scarcely  survive  without  the agriculture  of  the  south.
Rivers,  great  and small, traverse the land, swelling  with
the seasonal monsoons.
Mongols and Manchus have used the Korean valleys as roadways
to victory, and modern nations have also known the strategic
value  of Korea. By 1905, Russia and Japan sought to  expand
their  Empires,  often in competition. China  was  a  likely
target,  too  large  and  poorly  organised  to  defend  its
treasures. Vital Manchuria tempted each, but Korea had to be
held as a gateway to those goals.
With a crushing victory over the Russian fleet off Tsushima,
Japan seized Korea, proved itself a genuine world power, and
began  a  bloody  40 year occupation. The flower  of  Korean
independence fell swiftly to the Samurai sword.  The  United
States  found  it  convenient to forget a mutual  assistance
agreement  with Korea, recognising its own lack of  military
effectiveness halfway around the globe.
With  the passing of WWI and the Russian revolution,  Korean
guerillas  found new hope with the advent of  communism  and
grave  losses were dealt to the Japanese occupation  forces.
Nevertheless, Imperial expansion continued and in 1931,  the
Mukden  Incident was swiftly followed by occupation  of  all
Manchuria.  In 1939 Russia and Japan signed a non-aggression
pact and the two whales agreed upon relative peace. With the
Tripartite Axis Pact of 1940 however, Axis nations  had  set
themselves   against  the  world.  Colonial  attitudes,   so
acceptable  in the 19th century, would reap a horrible  cost
in  tens  of  millions of lives by 1945. The  outcome  would
shake Korea to the foundation.
U.S.  strategy in the Pacific War, and the development of  a
mighty  strategic bombing force, gradually  negated  Japan's
ability  to  make  war. Yet the wisdom of military  planners
became   clouded   by   the   political   desire   for    an
"unconditional" surrender. Fearing the loss of their  divine
Emperor,  Japan  was  forced to fight  to  the  bitter  end.
Foreseeing a bloody conclusion to the war, the U.S. insisted
on   Russian   entry  into  the  conflict  at  the   Potsdam
Conference. This one, stupid act, more than any  other,  may
well  have set the stage for world politics as we  now  know
it.
Russia did enter the Pacific War August 8th, 1945, two  days
before  Japan  surrendered  and  not  until  the  U.S.   had
guaranteed  the survival of the Emperor. In short,  the  U.S
had  expended  95%  of the war effort in defeating  Russia's
historic rival, and had then encouraged Russia to seize  the
initiative!  By  war's end, Russia had occupied  the  Baltic
States  and  half of Germany in the west, and Manchuria  and
half of Korea in the east.
As  a line of demarcation, the 38th parallel was agreed upon
in  Korea, with Russia accepting Japanese surrender  in  the
north,  and the U.S. doing likewise in the south.  With  the
sudden   collapse  of  Japan,  Russia  took  possession   of
strategic areas and vast amounts of war materiel.
Manchuria  and  Japanese  arms were  given  to  the  Chinese
communists,  who  were then able to tip  the  scale  in  the
Chinese  Civil  War  and  win the  mainland.  Further,  many
thousands of Koreans who had fought the Japanese were  given
further  experience  in  communist Chinese  divisions.  They
would  return  one day to their homeland, with  the  aim  of
resolving their own political issues.
In  November  1947,  the  United  Nations  General  Assembly
established a Temporary Commission on Korea, to supervise  a
national election. Refusing to accept that authority, Russia
established an interim (communist) government in  the  north
of Korea. Nevertheless, the UN held its election in May 1948
in  all  areas accessible; i.e. south of the 38th  parallel.
Syngman  Rhee  was  elected president of  the  newly  formed
Republic  of  Korea. In August 1948 the Russians  staged  an
election  in  the  north, producing the  Democratic  Peoples
Republic of Korea and Premier Kim Il Sung.
Each  government  claimed rule over all  of  Korea,  but  in
December 1948 the General Assembly recognised the ROK as the
legitimate  representative  and  called  for  withdrawal  of
Russian  and  U.S.  forces.  By  the  summer  of  1949   the
withdrawals  were  complete. Korea  was  left  to  fend  for
itself,  and the ancient proverb would soon prove to  be  an
accurate prophecy. This time the shrimp would be the  Korean
population, crushed between the opposing armies, acting  out
the  hostilities  of  Cold  War politics.  With  both  sides
clamouring for violent reunification, and border  clashes  a
common occurrence, a bloody civil war was virtually assured.

"ACROSS THE 38TH"
25th - 29th June, 1950
Before  withdrawing from Korea, Russia  and  the  U.S.  each
prepared  native military forces in their respective  halves
of  the country. Each had a specific intent, as evidenced by
their  equipment.  The very nature of  the  opposing  forces
would quickly determine the outcome of any confrontation, as
was demonstrated in the short summer of 1950.
The Russians had made the North Korean Peoples Army into  an
exact replica of their own armed forces. Included were  T-34
tanks with 85mm guns, self propelled 76mm assault guns and a
variety  of  heavy artillery and mortars, with a  small  air
force of Yak fighters and Il-10 ground attack bombers.  Many
NKPA troops were veterans of WWII and the Chinese Civil War,
fully  trained  in  the doctrine of Russian  envelopment.  A
complete spy network detailed the precise locations  of  ROK
defences.  By 1950, the NKPA was second only to the  Russian
Army,  in Asia. It was a finely tuned offensive arm, capable
of the invasion for which it had been created.
The ROK, on the other hand, had been blessed with antiquated
WWII  equipment  such as ineffective 2.35" rocket  launchers
(bazookas)  and 37mm anti-tank guns, neither of which  could
stop  modern armour. They had a large number of  old,  short
range,  105mm Howitzers, with little ammunition. There  were
no  tanks, anti-tank mines or combat aircraft. Training  was
minimal   and   divisions  were  under-strength,   with   no
intelligence network to assist them. By June 1950 there  was
only a stockpile of six days supply, 15% of all weapons  and
33%  of  all  vehicles  were under  repair,  and  all  major
commands  had recently been shifted. Many men were on  leave
and  most  units  were poorly disposed  and  not  on  likely
invasion routes.
The  US had feared a confrontation with Russia and purposely
hamstrung   the   ROK,  to  prevent  their   initiation   of
aggression. Rather than making an effective defensive  army,
they  had  produced a mere national police force. Reflecting
American over-confidence of the period, TIME magazine called
the  ROK  Army the ". . . best damn army outside the  United
States".
On  the morning of June 25th, several NKPA divisions crossed
the  38th  parallel  at key points. The  1st,  3rd  and  4th
Divisions  deployed down the Pyongyang-Seoul,  Pochon-Kumwha
and  Yonchon-Tongduchon roads respectively. Elements of  the
105th Armoured Brigade led the way.
Defending,  the ROK 1st Division was badly deployed,  spread
from   Yonan  to  Korangpo.  The  7th  Division  was  better
positioned  at  points  along the parallel,  Tongduchon  and
Pochon.  Only  the  lead elements of the 2nd  Division  were
available  near  Seoul,  with the remainder  in  reserve  at
Taejon.
Artillery  blasted the ROK positions as armour  rolled  over
defenders, punching holes which truckloads of infantry  soon
filled.  One  Regiment actually rode  a  train  to  Kaesong,
totally  surprising  the defenders. The  ROK  soldiers  were
unable  to  stop the armour and fell into panic.  The  inept
General  Chae  ordered a counter-attack at Ui  Jongbu,  thus
depleting  his manpower further. Withdrawal became  a  rout,
and ROK units fled to the capital city, Seoul.
Even  as  the NKPA reached the outskirts of Seoul, the  main
bridge  south  across the Han river was  prematurely  blown,
while  crammed  with  hundreds of civilians.  Cut  off  from
retreat, the remnants of the ROK forces were lost, with  all
their  equipment. Soldiers were seen disrobing  peasants  at
gunpoint, in an attempt to disguise themselves as civilians.
By  noon  of  the 28th, Seoul had fallen. Those  ROK  forces
which  had survived the onslaught were reduced by half,  all
across Korea. Kim Il Sung's plan was working masterfully. It
was  expected that ten days would be required to conquer the
rest  of  Korea;  two months would be allowed  if  the  U.S.
intervened!
This scenario has a map scale of 2 miles per hex.
PLAYER'S NOTES
ROK FORCES. At the onset of the war, the ROK troops were  of
such  poor  quality  they could not take  offensive  action.
Strive to hold the border villages for 3 days, while forming
a  defensive  position at Ui Jongbu, as it  is  the  key  to
Seoul.  In  combat,  armour is your greatest  foe,  but  its
destruction will reward you with twice the VPs. Try to  hold
Seoul  to  the end but, if you must give it up, flee  toward
Taejon to minimise losses.
NKPA  FORCES.  Time  is of the essence, with  only  10  days
scheduled for the liberation of the south. Try to slip  past
the border villages with fast armour, penetrating as far  as
possible.  Infantry units which follow can mop-up  the  ROK.
When  facing  determined  resistance,  use  the  tactics  of
envelopment.  Use  one force to attack  the  enemy  head-on,
fixing  them in position. Use 1 or 2 more forces to outflank
and   encircle,   cutting  supplies.  Then   eliminate   all
resistance  by  relentless attack. Push your troops  to  the
limit until Ui Jongbu is won and Seoul should fall easily.
SCENARIO VARIANTS
(1)  The  ROK 1st Division was poorly deployed for  defence.
Assume General Paik had followed wiser military doctrine and
placed  his troops on the likely historical invasion routes.
Redeploy the Div HQ to Munsan, position all units from  11th
Regt  within  3 hexes of Kaesong, all units from  12th  Regt
within  3  hexes  of Korangpo and all units from  13th  Regt
within 2 hexes of Munsan. Position the two divisional  asset
battalions within 4 hexes of Munsan.
(2)  At  the  time  of the invasion, most  of  the  ROK  2nd
Division  was in reserve at Taejon, too far away to  respond
effectively to the attack on Seoul. Give General Chae  Byong
Duk credit for more sense than he actually possessed and add
the  rest  of  General  Lee's ROK 2nd Division  to  the  ROK
forces.  The  Div HQ and two battalions from  the  4th  Regt
begin  the  game near Seoul. The 9th and 14th Regt  HQs  are
already  in the data base and the remaining battalions  from
the  division  can  be  brought  to  life  by  entering  the
following values for current strength; 3/1 (9), 1/2 (6), 2/2
(5), 3/2 (6), 1/3 (5), 2/3 (4), 3/3 (6), 1/- (4), 2/- (3).

TAEJON
5th - 20th July, 1950
In  the  years after WWII the United States had reduced  the
size  of its navy and army such that only ten divisions were
deployed around the world by the outbreak of the Korean War.
The  US  had  come to depend upon a mighty strategic  bomber
fleet,  and the atom bomb. Strategic planning had  placed  a
protective umbrella over regions considered vital. Korea and
Formosa  were  not  included and no contingency  plans  were
developed  for  their  defence. Within  hours  of  the  NKPR
invasion, US policy changed drastically.
American  political leaders were shocked by the  rapid  NKPA
advance  in  the  south. Having no strategic plan  regarding
Korea,  and  festering  in  the boiling  political  soup  of
McCarthyism,  a knee jerk reflex occurred. President  Truman
and  his  staff perceived the Korean invasion as yet another
example  of  overt communist aggression...  the  first  step
towards global domination. From the chill of a Cold War mind
set  came  the abrupt decision to intervene with  a  "police
action" to arrest the communist advance.
Having  thus decided to intervene militarily, the US  sought
United  Nations  sanction  to keep  the  matter  politically
acceptable.  On  June  25th, the UN Security  Council  voted
unanimously  to  blame the NKPR for the "breach  of  peace",
despite  Radio  Pyongyang claims that the ROK  had  in  fact
invaded the north! The Russian UN representative was  absent
from  the vote and Yugoslavia abstained, allowing the UN  to
call  for  an  immediate cease-fire and withdrawal  of  NKPR
forces.
As  the  NKPA  rolled  towards  Seoul,  a  Security  Council
resolution called upon member nations to render military aid
to the ROK. Of 59 member states, 53 approved the resolution.
40 offered aid, 16 offered military units and 5 sent medical
teams.  UN  support was forming but the initial burden  fell
upon US forces.
Of  those  forces, the closest were the under-strength  army
divisions on soft occupation duty in Japan. Nearly two weeks
would be required to transport any sizeable number of troops
to  the  nearest ROK port; Pusan. Unfortunately, the closing
NKPA  divisions  were  also about two  weeks  distance  from
Pusan. If Pusan fell, the war would be over.
General  Church's 24th Division was the first to  enter  the
conflict but with limited time and shipping available it was
committed piecemeal into battle. Those men honoured with the
first  taste  of  fighting  were  the  1st  Battalion,  21st
Regiment,  with  an artillery detachment formed  under  Task
Force Smith.
Rushed  to Pusan by July 1st, many had not even the time  to
clean their weapons properly. Directed to the farthest point
north, TFS rushed to Osan, passing demoralised ROK troops on
the road. Green and cocky, the men of TFS epitomised the  US
attitude  and  many were sure the NKPR troops  would  simply
turn and run upon seeing that Americans were ready to fight.
Unfortunately  the  veterans  of  the  NKPA  3rd   and   4th
Divisions,  the  conquerors of Seoul, were not  informed  of
their  obligation  to flee in terror. Neither  were  the  US
troops prepared to fight such a resolute foe, as they  would
soon find out.
On the morning of July 5th, TFS deployed at Osan, just hours
before the arrival of enemy armour, and the hard veterans of
the  NKPR 4th Division. Unable to stop the armour,  TFS  was
overwhelmed  and  its remnants fell back to  the  south.  As
other  24th Division units filtered to the front,  defensive
positions were formed and lost, from P'yongtaek to  Ch'onan,
Chochiwon  and  finally the Kum River. Delay and  withdrawal
was the only possible strategy to employ.
Even  so,  General Church was determined to make a stand  at
Taejon, a hub in the ROK road network. His problem, as would
later   be  experienced  by  UN  forces  holding  the  Pusan
Perimeter,  was that his troops were too few  to  cover  all
bridges  and  ferry crossings of the river. The  NKPR  could
employ   flanking  and  envelopment  manoeuvres,  making   a
defensive position untenable.
A modern day Thermopylae was the dilemma which faced General
Church.  For  to  stand would mean the  destruction  of  his
Division, but to abandon Taejon too soon would not allow for
the  defence  of  Taegu, a road/rail centre of  the  highest
priority. That in turn would lead, most likely, to the  fall
of Pusan.
Though  24th  Division has been roundly criticised  for  its
poor  performance, it probably did no worse than  any  other
army  division  would have done, and yet  it  did  buy  just
enough  time for a general UN retreat to the Naktong  river,
forming the Pusan Perimeter defensive position.
This scenario has a map scale of 2 miles per hex.
PLAYER'S NOTES
UN  FORCES. Your task is to save time, even at the high cost
in  lives  which must be paid. The trick is to  balance  the
losses  against  the  value gained, remembering  that  other
points  further south must also be defended. The hardest  of
military actions, the art of delay and withdrawal,  must  be
mastered  to "win". Make good use of terrain, and note  that
premature retreat from Taejon is just not possible,  due  to
map  restrictions. You will have to tough it out, as did the
men of the 24th Division!
NKPA  FORCES.  The  opposing forces  are  roughly  equal  in
number,  but  your  greatest advantage is  cohesiveness  and
superior  troop quality. Deploy rapidly to isolate, encircle
and  destroy  defenders. Consider sending a  regiment  on  a
longer roundabout path to avoid delays at enemy road-blocks.
Be  mindful  of  attacks  as your rapid  advance  south  has
strained your primitive logistics system, and supply  is  as
critical as time.
SCENARIO VARIANTS
(1)  New 3.5" rockets (super-bazookas) were developed at the
end  of  WWII and one team arrived at Taejon on  July  12th.
Assume  a larger number of the effective AT weapons  arrived
sooner, and increase Allied infantry ratings by 1.
(2) Anti-tank mines were also en route, the use of which may
have  slowed  the NKPA advance enough to allow defenders  to
gather  in force at key points. Set the 24th Division's  3rd
Engineer  Battalion to arrive on turn 19, and set  mines  on
the road north of Ch'onan and all Kum river crossings.
(3)  While  the  NKPA 3rd and 4th Divisions were  poised  to
attack from the north-west, 2nd Division was asked to attack
from  the east. Exhausted and in reserve near Chongju,  they
failed to arrive in time to join the battle. Assume the  2nd
Division officers properly motivated their men and introduce
this  formation into the battle. There are 5 HQs and 14  Bns
in  the  2nd  Division, all of which are in  the  data  base
except  for the Divisional HQ. Enter the following  data  to
create  the Div HQ; (2nd XX) (Infantry) (3) (4) (2) (0)  (6)
(53)  (25,11). No entry is required to bring to life  the  4
regimental  HQs. The battalions are resurrected by  entering
the following values for current strength; 1/1 (6), 2/1 (4),
3/1  (5),  1/2 (3), 2/2 (4), 3/2 (4), 1/3 (4), 2/3 (6),  3/3
(5), 1/4 (3), 2/4 (2), 3/4 (4), 1/- (2), 2/- (3).

NAKTONG BULGE
11th - 19th August, 1950
Concurrent  with other offensive actions, the  NKPA  crossed
the Naktong River at three points on August 5th. Two were in
the  ROK  sector, north of Waegwon. The third was  south  of
Waegwon,  in  the weakened 24th Division sector.  By  August
11th,  the  entire  4th Division had  deployed  in  an  area
referred to as the Naktong Bulge.
This breakthrough posed a serious threat, as Yongsan was  in
danger. Its loss would have divided US forces and endangered
the vital city of Miryang. In doing so, the Taegu-Seoul rail
and  road  routes  would be cut, severing  the  supplies  of
troops  defending the Pusan Perimeter. The result  would  be
the  likely collapse of the entire defence, and the  end  of
the war.
Strong  positions were taken by the NKPA on  hills  such  as
Clover-leaf  and  Obong-ni ridge,  dominating  the  road  to
Yongsan.  Lowlands and swamps to the east made it  difficult
for  the  weary  US troops in the sector to  drive  out  the
invaders. Stronger force was needed, and General Walker used
the  5th  Marine Regiment as a fire brigade, disengaging  it
from  the Chinju action and rushing it to the Naktong Bulge.
With  it  came  the close air support which had  become  the
trademark  of the Marines. Strong artillery units were  also
made  available  as the seriousness of the situation  became
evident.
Fatigued  by  the overnight march, the Marines  started  for
Obong-ni  ridge on the morning of August 17th and began  the
close assault in earnest. Marine Corsairs assailed the North
Korean  foe with deadly accuracy but many still remained  in
their  deep foxholes. Hand grenades and carbines became  the
weapons of choice as the Marines cleared the high ground  in
gritty fighting which the official USMC historian ranked  as
one of the hardest fights in the history of the Corps.
Clinging  to  their  positions with  desperation,  the  NKPA
called upon their reliable T-34's to turn the tide, as  they
had  done  so  many times before. Much to their  misfortune,
though, the tides of war had changed. Representative of  the
war  as a whole, UN forces responded with a variety of arms,
from  3.5"  rocket teams, M26/90 Pershing tanks, recoil-less
rifles  and  deadly ground support aircraft,  each  claiming
their share of enemy tanks. The legend of the invincible  T-
34 had vanished in acrid smoke.
With  the  loss suffered at the Naktong Bulge, the NKPA  4th
Division was finished. Having suffered heavy losses prior to
the  Naktong  offensive, its ranks were  filled  with  green
replacements.  It  had  been  further  crippled  by   supply
shortages,   prohibiting   effective   offensive    actions.
Following the Naktong defeat, the 4th Division was delegated
a  Guards  Division. It had been eliminated  as  a  fighting
force and served as a harbinger of things to come.
The  UN Forces had handed the NKPA its worst defeat but  the
Pusan  Perimeter  was still in danger. A turning  point  had
been  reached, at which the war would either become  a  slow
battle  of  attrition along the Naktong or could be  swiftly
decided  by a bold stroke. Gen. MacArthur had been  planning
just  such  a  bold stroke to be executed at a place  called
Inchon!  (Note that owners of SSG's Halls of Montezuma  game
can fight out the Inchon Invasion at their leisure.)
This scenario has a map scale of 1 mile per hex.
PLAYER'S NOTES
UN  FORCES.  Your  initial forces are  tired  and  weak  and
probably  won't  be  able  to force  the  enemy  from  their
heights.  Concentrate on the Obong-ni ridge, using available
forces  to  wear  down  the defenders.  In  case  the  enemy
continues  its offensive be content to protect your  cities,
Yongsan in particular. When the Marines arrive, rush them to
Obong-ni and take the vital objectives.
NKPA FORCES. Two strategies are available to you. You may be
able  to strike toward a key city, thus diverting UN  forces
from the Obong-ni area. Intelligence indicates that possible
UN  reinforcements may come from the south and possession of
Namji  may  block their arrival. Or you can  concentrate  on
holding   Obong-ni  and  nearby  high  ground,   restricting
yourself  to  defence.  Supply  is  critical  and  offensive
actions should be taken only after careful consideration.
SCENARIO VARIANTS
(1)  The original UN battle plan called for the entire force
to  attack  at once and overwhelm the defenders on  a  broad
front. Poor intelligence and marshy terrain led to piecemeal
commitment  of forces. Revert to the original plan,  setting
the arrival of all units to 0, except for the Marines.
(2)  When the Marines became available, a shortage of trucks
required that 1st and 2nd Battalions had to march overnight,
arriving  at  their  deployment positions fatigued.  Suppose
that  adequate transportation had been available and improve
the fatigue ratings of the two units by 2 points.
(3)  The  Marines  were to be utilised two days  sooner  but
their  attack  was  delayed  until  aircraft  carriers  with
additional  air  support  could be repositioned.  Allow  the
Leathernecks  to  be  rushed  to  the  front  due   to   the
seriousness of the situation. Change the Marine's arrival to
turn 17 and reduce UN air support (daylight) by 10 points.
(4) In order to enter the Naktong battle, the Marines had to
be  extracted  from their operations near  Chinju.  If  they
could not have disengaged they would not have been available
for  the  Naktong  action. To remove the  Marines  from  the
scenario, enter a current strength value of 0 in all  Marine
units. Note that the 11th Artillery battalion is part of the
Marine Group.

UNSAN
25th October - 4th November, 1950
After  the  Inchon-Seoul campaign the UN faced an  immediate
anti-climax as no adequate follow-up plan had been  devised.
For  even though X Corps had provided the anvil, the  hammer
of  the  8th Army had failed to fall swiftly upon  the  NKPA
along the Naktong line.
The  NKPA  commanders had wisely kept the truth  from  their
troops,  ordering a steady withdrawal north. Had  the  front
line  soldiers known they were trapped, the anticipated rout
may  well have developed. As it was, they fought as well  as
ever,  delaying the 8th Army break-out. This  bought  enough
time  for substantial portions of the NKPA to flee north  of
the 38th parallel.
The  resultant situation forced a crucial decision upon  the
UN,  which  it  had  not properly anticipated.  Should  they
pursue  the NKPA across the 38th parallel or not?  To  cross
the  line  might ensure the defeat of the NKPR and  re-unify
Korea,   but   only  at  the  risk  of  prompting   military
intervention by Russia or the People's Republic of China. To
stop  at the border would allow the NKPA to rebuild, perhaps
to launch another invasion.
In  September 1950 the US National Security Council  studied
the  matter and reported its findings to the Departments  of
State  and  Defence. They concluded that crossing  the  38th
parallel was not necessary for victory and that intervention
by Russia and/or the PRoC was highly probable.
If  the  line  was  to  be  crossed, three  conditions  were
required.  First, no UN troops were to cross the borders  of
Russia  or  the  PRoC.  Second, only ROK  troops  should  be
permitted  to proceed north of the 38th parallel. Third,  if
either  Russia or PRoC intervened, or threatened to  do  so,
the operation must be cancelled.
The  US  Joint Chiefs of Staff dismissed the report  on  the
basis that military doctrine required the destruction of the
NKPA to prevent a renewal of the war. They believed the  ROK
troops  could mop up, with other UN forces confined  to  the
south. The Central Intelligence Agency concluded that  since
the  PRoC had failed to intervene on behalf of the NKPR thus
far, such action was no longer likely.
In  October, the UN passed a resolution allowing ROK  forces
to  cross  the 38th parallel. From late September throughout
October, the PRoC used various public forums to express  its
concern  and  declared its intent to  assist  the  NKPR.  No
action was taken against the ROK forces, although on October
10th,  the PRoC clearly warned it would enter the war if  US
troops crossed the line.
MacArthur knew the PRoC had massed troops along the Yalu but
termed   their   intentions  "unclear"  and   concluded   no
intervention  was likely. The major stumbling  block  to  UN
thinking  was that, while PRoC intervention in August  would
likely have sealed the fate of Pusan, and since the NKPR was
nearly  defeated by October, there was no longer reason  for
intervention.
On  October  19th,  the  NSC relented and  President  Truman
allowed MacArthur to enter the NKPR if militarily necessary.
After MacArthur's victory at Inchon, no one dared oppose him
again. Seeing the defeat of the NKPA as militarily necessary
under  the circumstances, on October 25th, MacArthur ordered
the whole of Korea secured by UN troops. MacArthur had never
agreed  with Truman's policy and often publicly  called  for
military  opposition to communism, even at the risk  of  war
with  Russia and the PRoC. As a throwback to WWII reasoning,
a "total" victory was now sought over the NKPR.
The  PRoC  had  its own interests to protect  and  had  been
satisfied  to  allow  the  NKPR  to  conduct  its  own  war,
particularly  since their victory had appeared likely.  Even
when the tide turned the PRoC did not react. When ROK forces
entered  the North, the PRoC still restrained itself fearing
no   harm  from  Korean  troops.  When,  however,  MacArthur
appeared to have been given free rein and was racing towards
the  Manchurian  border, the vital portal to  the  PRoC  was
exposed  to hostile forces. Worse yet, MacArthur was willing
to  defy his own President and had oft stated his desire  to
invade the PRoC and reinstate the Nationalists to power.  It
is  no  mere coincidence that the Chinese sprang into action
the day following MacArthur's order sending US troops across
the 38th parallel!
Ordered  north with "all possible speed", the ROK  II  Corps
rushed ahead. As part of an uncoordinated advance, the Corps
was  spread along the Chongchon river valley. The men of the
Corps'  1st  Division, perhaps the ROK's best  troops,  were
unprepared to deal with the unknown danger ahead.
Arriving  at  Unsan on October 25th, a company  of  US  Army
tanks led the 15th Regiment north of the town, until stopped
cold by a road-block. Frustrated by this fierce new enemy, a
few prisoners were rushed to General Paik for interrogation.
Having  fought similar troops in WWII, General Paik knew  at
once  that  these  were soldiers of the People's  Liberation
Army of the PRoC.
Despite  warnings from the ROK II Corps, MacArthur dismissed
the  presence of Chinese troops as mere "volunteers" and  of
no  special significance. Even on the brink of disaster,  UN
commanders refused to believe the PRoC would intervene.
More  enemy troops massed from all sides. Huge forest  fires
spewed  enough smoke to prohibit effective air  support  and
artillery  direction. Expert use of camouflage concealed  an
enemy who moved with swift silence along the hills, only  to
descend at night with a cacophony of whistles and bugles.
By  the  end  of the month, the ROK II Corps had  ceased  to
exist. 1st Cavalry troops were sent north to hold the  line.
The   8th  Regiment  arrived  first,  followed  by  the  5th
Regiment.  They  too were encircled, with supplies  cut  and
losses  mounting. It was all they could do  to  flee  south,
leaving  most of their equipment behind. Yet another debacle
had been forced on the UN.
The  Chinese  Communist  Forces, as  they  would  be  called
throughout the war, had shown no fear of US firepower and  a
willingness to suffer heavy losses in order to defeat  their
foe.  Yet having won their battles, they did not pursue  the
beaten  UN  forces. Still puzzled by the enigmatic  Chinese,
MacArthur  conceded that this was the "beginning  of  a  new
war".
This scenario has a map scale of one half-mile per hex.
PLAYER'S NOTES
UN  FORCES. Winding rivers and hilly terrain will  cut  your
supplies  easily enough, without having to worry  about  the
Chinese.  As  a  result, you will suffer a desperate  supply
shortage. Simply try to hold out with your ROK troops  until
reinforced  by  the Cavalry. With a lot  of  luck  and  good
weather  you may just survive! There is not much opportunity
for  assault as it will eat up supply and cause losses which
you can ill afford.
PRoC  FORCES.  Use terrain to your advantage,  deploying  on
hills  and attacking the enemy on roads and rough areas.  Be
mindful  of  poor  weather, which will  inhibit  Allied  air
support, and always consider a night assault to cripple your
foe.  Do  not  attack too often as your supply will  rapidly
fail. Try to finish off the ROK by the end of the month  and
then  deal  with the Cavalry piecemeal. Use encirclement  to
ensure cutting the enemy supplies for his quick demise.
SCENARIO VARIANTS
(1) Poor supply hamstrung the ROK from the beginning. Assume
Major-General  Yu  Jae Hung had not been  so  hasty  in  his
advance  and  had  prepared  for  better  logistic  support.
Increase  the  supply values of all HQs in the 1st  Division
(ROK) by 2 points.
(2)  Chinese use of smoke and early snow drastically reduced
both  the  amount and effectiveness of Allied support.  Pray
for  northerly  winds  to  clear the  battlefield;  increase
Allied  air support by 5 points and its effectiveness  by  3
points.  Raise  the  ratings of all Allied  artillery  by  1
point.
(3)  Allied  troops were unable to deal with  the  unnerving
nightly  attacks  by  unseen  PRoC  troops.  ROK  troops  in
particular were unusually afraid of the new foe. Change  the
Allied  troops to "night capable" in an attempt  to  balance
the situation.

CHONGCHON
25th November - 1st December, 1950
A  new  UN offensive began on November 24th as the 8th  Army
once  again  pushed toward the Yalu. On the  west  flank,  I
Corps was deployed. The ROK II Corps stood to the east while
IX Corps advanced in the centre.
Initially,  the advance was steady along the  entire  front.
Little  did the UN troops know that the PRoC 38th  Army  had
crossed  the  Yalu on November 10th. Moving only  at  night,
they had eluded UN air reconnaissance and deployed along the
Chongchon  river  by the 22nd. With time to  rest  and  draw
battle plans, an ambush of giant proportions was set. Always
thinking  on  a  large scale, General Lin Piao  plotted  the
envelopment of the entire IX Corps.
Heavy  blows  fell first upon the ROK 8th  Division  on  the
night of November 25th. As ROK units melted away, the entire
right flank of IX Corps was suddenly exposed. Standard  PRoC
tactics   of   infiltration,  road-blocks  and   envelopment
destroyed ROK resistance.
The  US  2nd and 25th Divisions were assailed on and  across
the  Chongchon, forcing the 25th Division to  withdraw  with
heavy  losses.  The  2nd  Division  found  extraction   more
difficult  and  was  soon  in  an  untenable  salient.   Its
artillery  positions, supposedly a safe distance behind  the
"front",  were directly attacked by infantry from  the  PRoC
113th Division.
As  the  2nd Division had been centred on Kujang-dong,  this
became  a  crucial point of defence for the UN troops.  With
the fall of Tokchon, a southerly escape route had to be held
open. Kujang-dong was one of two routes upon which the  PRoC
advance could be blocked.
By  November 27th, 2nd Division's right flank was in  danger
of  collapse  and  withdrawal to Kunuri  was  necessary.  To
bolster  the  left flank and block the advance of  the  PRoC
114th Division, the newly arrived crack Turkish Army Command
Force (TACF) was sent towards Wawon. Just east of there PRoC
road-blocks  stopped  the  Turks.  Heavy  fighting   induced
fearsome losses on both sides as the Chinese finally met  an
opponent who would not yield.
In time, even the Turks had to withdraw, having held off the
PRoC  advance long enough for the 2nd Division  remnants  to
filter  south.  Within the closing trap only two  routes  of
escape remained open. To the south-west, through a long road
adjacent  to  the Chongchon, the cities of Anju and  Sinanju
remained  in  UN  hands. The 1st Cavalry Division  had  been
called  from reserve and its 5th RCT held open the  gate  at
Anju.
A more direct route to the south passed through steep hills,
towards  Sunchon,  where the remainder of  the  1st  Cavalry
Division  waited.  Though a seemingly  quicker  route,  PRoC
troops  had  conducted  yet  another  envelopment  and   had
infested the pass. Thus, exhausted and beaten, UN troops had
to run a veritable gauntlet of fire.
By  December 1st, the survivors of 2nd Division had  reached
Sunchon  and  another UN offensive had  been  smashed  by  a
heretofore  unseen enemy. Chinese troops were credited  with
superhuman abilities due to their lack of fear in  the  face
of  horrendous  losses. In the waning days of December,  the
8th  army  fled  more  than 120 miles despite  the  lack  of
pursuit.  The  longest  retreat in the  history  of  the  US
military  had ended and UN morale had been utterly shattered
in   the  woeful  trek  up  the  Chongchon,  and  down   the
"Gauntlet".
This scenario has a map scale of 1.2 miles per hex.
PLAYER'S NOTES
UN  FORCES.  You  can try to destroy individual  PRoC  units
initially but your goal is to occupy key objectives as  long
as  possible without squandering manpower. The TACF  is  the
best  regiment in the scenario and may blunt the whole  PRoC
114 Division's advance if properly used.
PRoC  FORCES.  Be mindful of terrain and use envelopment  to
keep  the  enemy out of supply, thus balancing his  day-time
air  support.  Use night attack when support  is  available.
Upon  facing the TACF you must choose whether to fight head-
on  with  heavy  losses  or  try  to  envelop,  holding  the
"Gauntlet" in the process.
SCENARIO VARIANTS
(1)  Due  to enormous communication difficulties,  the  TACF
could not be used effectively. They were simply pointed in a
direction  and  left  to  fight independently.  Assume  that
General  Coulter  had  wisely  provided  the  TACF  with  an
interpreter  and  a radio. Raise the TACF regimental  supply
and  admin  values  by 2 points each and bring  forward  the
arrival of the IX Corps Div HQ to turn 7.
(2)  When  the ROK II Corps was routed, the ROK 7th Division
fled  west. The 3rd Regiment passed Tokchon but the 5th  and
8th   Regiments  never  arrived.  Allow  remnants  of  these
regiments to filter through PRoC lines, thereby arriving  on
the battlefield about the same time as the 3rd Regiment. The
5th  and 8th Regiments are already entered in the data base,
but  because their current strength values have been set  to
0,  they are dormant and take no part in the game. To  bring
them  to life, alter the current strength values as follows;
1st  Bn/5th  Regt (4), 2nd Bn/5th Regt (5), 1st Bn/8th  Regt
(3), 2nd Bn/8th Regt (3).
(3)  As  was their curse throughout the war, PRoC offensives
withered  after  the first few days due to lack  of  supply.
Assume  the  swiftness of their advance  had  forced  Allied
troops  to abandon large amounts of materiel which the  PRoC
could  use. Increase PRoC Div HQ supply levels by  3  points
each.

CHOSIN RESERVOIR
27th November - 4th December, 1950
In  November  1950, X Corps was assigned to assist  the  8th
Army in its northern advance by seizing the village of Yudam-
ni  on the western shore of the frozen Chosin Reservoir. The
Marines  were  to  advance west to cut the NKPA/PRoC  supply
lines  at  Mupyongni,  then turn north  to  the  Yalu.  Upon
reaching  the  Manchurian frontier, the "Home By  Christmas"
campaign  would  be declared a success and  the  Korean  War
would have been "won" by the UN.
On  paper the plan appeared simple enough but there was some
dissent.  USMC Commandant General Gate warned that  X  Corps
was  "going out on a limb" and that a winter campaign in the
mountains  of North Korea was "too much to ask" of  army  or
marine  troops.  In  particular,  he  cited  difficulty   in
maintaining    supply   and   evacuation    of    personnel.
Unfortunately  for  the men required to fight  the  battles,
General  Gate's  prophetic warning was ignored.  Once  again
"total  victory" fever prohibited UN generals from realising
they  had  crossed  an historic threshold  into  an  era  of
limited war.
Meanwhile  General  Peng had drawn up a  plan  of  his  own,
sending  the formidable 9th Army Group to Chosin.  The  sole
task of the eight divisions involved was to destroy the  1st
Marine Division as they would kill a "snake" in their homes.
Deployment  was  swift enough to place  the  124th  Division
ahead of the marines at Funchilin Pass on November 2nd..  By
November  7th,  PRoC  troops had withdrawn  and  the  Marine
advance continued.
By  November 26th, the Marine vanguard arrived at Yudam  and
within  a  day the 5th and 7th Regiments were both deployed.
1st  Regiment was spread about Haguru and Koto to  keep  the
supply  lines  open. The Marines at Yudam  could  expect  no
relief  if they required it. Soon enough they realised  they
had run into a Chinese dragon of Corps dimensions.
The  PRoC  78th and 89th Divisions took strong positions  on
the  prominent ridges, virtually surrounding the  valley  in
which Yudam was located. As they tried to pin the Marines in
place,  the 59th Division swept along the west, cutting  the
supply  lines  between Yudam and Toktong Pass. General  Peng
had  set  a  clever trap but he too came to realise  he  had
taken hold of the Tiger's tail!
Had  any  other  troops of the UN conglomeration  been  thus
entrapped their fate would have been as Custer at the Little
Big  Horn.  The  Marines, however, were trained  as  assault
troops. Even their service personnel could fight beside  the
shock  troops  with  no  lack of  skill  or  discipline.  In
addition, the Marines enjoyed the best close air support  of
the war with most of their 11th Battalion artillery in place
as well.
Though considered the best troops of China, the divisions at
Chosin  suffered the same basic faults which crippled  every
PRoC  campaign. Supply was never adequate beyond  the  first
few days of an attack so that penetration of enemy positions
could  rarely be exploited. Effective communication  existed
only  to  the  regiment level, meaning that HQ orders  often
took  up  to  two days to filter down to engaged battalions.
This  delay seriously offset the superior mobility  of  PRoC
troops,  leading to uncoordinated attacks and heavy  losses.
Inadequate  administration allowed  thousands  to  die  from
normally  non-fatal wounds, simply due  to  lack  of  proper
care.
In  effect,  the  Chinese  traded off  every  advantage  but
manpower. That alone would be cast against the firepower  of
a  small force of men with a common will of steel. It is  no
accident  that General Peng chose as his first priority  the
destruction of the "soldiers with the yellow leggings".
A  characteristic pattern of the Korean War repeated  itself
along  the  shores  of the Chosin as both sides  fought  for
control  of the high ground. PRoC troops probed and attacked
by night, trying to overrun Marine positions at any cost. If
the  defenders  survived until dawn,  Corsairs  pursued  and
eliminated the massed attackers. Often, hundreds  of  bodies
were  seen  piled about the defensive perimeters  of  Marine
positions.
Finally, the Marines knew they had taken the "best punch" of
their  enemy.  While  news reports back home  predicted  the
imminent  defeat  of  both the 8th  Army  and  Marines,  the
leathernecks  themselves  knew they  could  not  be  beaten.
Nevertheless, they were ordered south to Haguru as part of a
general  UN  retreat. When asked about the  retreat  General
Smith  stated simply "We are not retreating ... we are  just
attacking   in  another  direction".  With  precisely   that
determination,  the 1st Marine Division cut a  path  through
enemy  lines, arriving at Haguru by December 4th. With  that
act  of  defiance  the Marines had been as  a  candle  in  a
whirlwind,  casting the only light of hope in the disastrous
defeat of the Chosin Reservoir.
This scenario has a map scale of 1 mile per hex.
PLAYER'S NOTES
UN  FORCES. Your forces are mighty but must be used properly
to  survive. Establish a perimeter, then use one regiment to
hold  Yudam  as  the  other clears the supply  lines.  Probe
often,  exploiting only to seize objectives. Wanton assaults
will   eliminate  targets  but  at  an  unacceptable   cost.
Ultimately, leap-frog to Toktong Pass where you should  find
relief.
PRoC  FORCES.  The  PRoC battalions were so  tightly  packed
together  that UN supporting fire caused very heavy  losses.
Therefore, send the 59th Division to cut the UN supply lines
at  Toktong  Pass  and  then probe  and  assault  the  Yudam
defenders.  Combined with night attacks, you may  just  wear
down  the  Marines  to  the point of collapse.  Seize  every
objective possible to ensure a victory on VPs, despite  your
tactical losses.
SCENARIO VARIANTS
(1)  Originally,  the  entire Marine  1st  Regiment  was  to
garrison  Haguru.  Add  the 2nd and 3rd  battalions  of  the
regiment  to the UN Order of Battle. Add a company of  105mm
Howitzers. Furthermore, alter the movement allowance of  the
1st  Bn/1st  Regt  from  0  to 8.  It  is  thus  freed  from
stationary  garrison  duty. How to  make  these  changes  is
explained,  step  by  step, in Chapter  4  of  the  WarPlan
section of this manual.
(2)  Poor  communication and supply prevented the PRoC  from
pursuit, even when the Marines finally withdrew. Raise  each
Regt  HQ  supply  rating by 2 points on the assumption  that
General  Peng  had had enough time to stockpile  at  various
points   around  the  ridges.  Even  though   Div   HQ   was
ineffective, the troops could have been better supplied.
(3)  Extremely frigid weather wreaked havoc on  both  sides,
freezing  automatic  weapons and  plasma,  as  well  as  any
unfortunate  soul  with more than flesh  wound.  Under  such
brutal  conditions  you may designate each  side  "brittle".
Input  70%/80%  for  Axis/Allied  scenario  briefings,   and
designate each HQ as brittle.
(4)  Unearthly cold and high altitude also played the  Devil
with  UN aircraft which could easily have reduced the amount
of  available support. Reduce Allied support points by 10 to
represent this.

CHIPYONG
13th - 16th February, 1951
The  winter  of  1950-51  was  a  traumatic  period  for  UN
commanders who saw the defeat of their entire force and  the
entry of a frightening juggernaut into the war. A demigod to
many, even the irrepressible General MacArthur had become  a
doom sayer. Ordering the 8th Army to retreat to the original
beachhead "bastions" if necessary, he gravely predicted  the
total  destruction of his command unless the  PRoC  mainland
was  invaded  at once. To that end, he urged  the  immediate
release of Nationalist Chinese troops and the use of nuclear
weapons,  even at the risk of escalation to WWIII! President
Truman  found  himself in a political  tug-of-war  with  his
military   commander,  further  upsetting  the  UN   effort.
Reluctantly, the goal of reunification of the peninsula  was
abandoned. In a final tragic note, perhaps symbolic  of  the
sorry  turn  of  events, General Walker died  in  a  traffic
accident  on December 23rd, leaving the 8th Army  without  a
leader.
General  Ridgway  found  himself  cast  into  the  fray   as
commander  of a defeated army, often retreating  when  there
was  no pressure from the enemy. Except for the Marines, the
morale of UN troops was at an all time low.
A student of the bold General Patton, Ridgway took immediate
steps  to regain the initiative. Commanders were ordered  to
lead their troops from the field, as opposed to their former
practice  of  taking  residence in rear  area  headquarters.
Front  line troops engaged in aggressive patrols, increasing
both   their  intelligence  of  enemy  actions   and   their
confidence  in  combat.  Units  were  kept  in  interlocking
formations,   preserving   front   lines   and    preventing
envelopment. Every form of supporting fire was  utilised  to
cauterise  objectives  so that ground  troops  could  secure
their  goals  in  relative safety. Artillery ammunition  was
expended   with   such  volume  that  US  Congressmen   even
complained of the cost!
As  a net result, the 8th army was soon ready for a measured
advance  north. General Ridgway intended to squeeze  terrain
from  the  enemy,  exacting the heaviest toll  possible  and
forcing resolution of the war on the negotiating table. Gone
were the days of reckless advance and crusty old notions  of
total  victory.  Marking  a crucial  turning  point  in  the
history of warfare, Gen. Ridgway turned the battlefields  of
Korea  into  giant "meat-grinders", capable of stopping  the
great red dragon of China. The era of limited war had begun.
General Ridgway's offensive began on February 5th, 1951 as X
Corps  and  the  I and II Corps from the ROK began  a  large
scale envelopment to destroy huge portions of the PRoC army.
The ROK 5th Division attacked on the right flank, north-east
of  Hoengsong to the Hongchon-Pugnam line. On the left,  the
ROK  8th Division attacked to the Yongduchon-Hongchon  line.
The  US 7th Division drove up the Pyongchang-Hoengsong  road
while  the  US  2nd Division was held in reserve  along  the
Chipyong-Wonju axis.
The  PRoC  40th and 60th Armies, with NKPA II  and  V  Corps
counterattacked. As always, a weak point was  found  in  the
ROK  lines,  and by February 11th, the ROK 8th Division  was
routed. UN Forces fell back some 5-20 miles along the  whole
front,  leaving  the US 2nd Division in an exposed  salient.
General  Moore  was ordered to hold firm,  for  if  Chipyong
fell, the corridor to Yoju would be left unguarded. That  in
turn would allow PRoC forces to sweep behind X Corps, south-
east along the Han River.
The  23rd Regiment (US 2nd Div) deployed among the hills  at
Chipyong,  with  time  enough  to  fortify  and  lay  mines.
Supporting units were deployed to take advantage of  natural
terrain,  which  served to funnel the  enemy  into  a  meat-
grinder.  Firmly  at  the core of the defence  was  a  crack
French battalion.
General  Peng  was  an  able commander  but  cursed  with  a
stubborn  nature.  With  recent  PRoC  victories  along  the
Chongchon  and Chosin he had no reason to think his  veteran
Corps  could not push aside a mere regiment. Probing attacks
began the night of February 13th, only to leave hundreds  of
Chinese  dead  at  the base of the hills by  morning  light.
Inflexible  and  incensed, he continued to push  his  troops
south in the days to come.
Despite the success of their tactics, the Chipyong defenders
could  not  hold  out  forever.  Relief  was  dispatched  on
February  14th from Yoju in the form of a regiment from  the
1st   Cavalry   Division.  In  keeping  with  their   finest
traditions, the cavalry arrived just in the nick of time and
prevented  a PRoC breakthrough. By February 16th, the  three
PRoC divisions fell back, leaving 5,000 dead behind. General
Ridgway  was  so  impressed with the victory  he  personally
viewed the battlefield even while it was being secured. Like
a  phoenix, 8th Army had risen from the ashes of Chosin  and
avenged itself at the crossroads of Chipyong.
This scenario has a map scale of 1 hex per 1/2 mile.
PLAYER'S NOTES
UN  FORCES. Adhere to General Ridgway's strategy by  relying
on  probes  and  heavy support to bear  the  burden  of  the
fighting  and  your  troops will do well.  But  beware  poor
weather,  which will require more modest efforts.  Push  the
5th Cavalry Regiment hard to reach Chipyong promptly and you
should win.
PRoC  FORCES.  Attack during foul weather and darkness  when
the  defenders have the least support. With three  divisions
at  your  disposal  you  can completely  encircle  the  23rd
Regiment  and  then  try to prevent  the  5th  Cavalry  from
reaching  them.  You  may be able to  win  Chipyong  in  the
process.   There   are  large  VPs  for  reaching   southern
objectives but you are not likely to get that far!
SCENARIO VARIANTS
(1)  The presence of prepared fortifications around Chipyong
may be debated so remove them and let's see if the defenders
can still hold. After all, the swiftness of PRoC advance may
have prevented such construction.
(2)  The  map dimensions restrict PRoC envelopment  options.
Allow  for  greater penetration of UN lines by reducing  the
Axis adjacent enemy-hex penalties to "0" for all 6 hexes.

IMJIN
22nd - 26th April , 1951
Slowly  but  surely, General Ridgway's strategy was  pushing
PRoC  forces north, and by March 15th Operation  Ripper  had
freed  Seoul. Never again would the ROK capital be lost  and
the  38th  parallel was being re-established as  a  line  of
division between North and South Korea.
On March 30th, the US 3rd Division had established itself on
the  front  line  with  the  Commonwealth  29th  Brigade  in
deployment  along the Imjin river where it meets the  Hanton
river. Numbering 6,000 men, 29th Brigade consisted of  1  Bn
Gloucestershire Regt, 1 Bn Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, 1
Bn  Royal Ulster Rifles, a Belgian Bn, 8 King's Royal  Irish
Hussars,  45 Rgt Royal Artillery and 170 Independent  Mortar
Battery.  In support there was a veteran Philippine armoured
unit  and  a  Puerto Rican infantry Bn. The Imjin  defenders
were truly representative of the United Nations war effort.
North  of the river, General Peng was implementing his first
step,  5th  phase offensive. PRoC divisions  were  suffering
horrendous  attrition,  due to the effective  "meat-grinder"
devised  by  General Ridgway. Many raw recruits  filled  the
ranks  but  some  veterans  still  remained.  General   Peng
organised  the  63rd  Army  around  his  veteran  survivors,
planning to use them in yet another advance on Seoul.
His  plan was to operate on a very tight timetable,  sending
187th,  188th and 189th divisions across the Imjin,  through
29th  Brigade,  and  56 kilometres to the  south,  capturing
Seoul by May-Day as a gift to Joseph Stalin. Time was of the
essence  because  General Van Fleet could not  organise  the
defence  of  Seoul in that short time and General  Peng  was
confident  his 20,000 veteran troops could sweep  aside  the
hopelessly outnumbered UN forces in the blocking position.
PRoC advance elements began crossing the Imjin, probing  the
Commonwealth defenders, on the afternoon of the 22nd. By the
next day, two full divisions were pressing hard against  the
defenders. Lacking mines or fortifications, the men of  29th
Brigade  relied  upon the one advantage no  adversity  could
steal  from  them;  discipline. With  cool  professionalism,
officers   gave  relentless  orders  to  fire  and   reload,
resulting   in  a  mechanical  and  devastating   level   of
firepower.  Waves of Chinese were cut as wheat, followed  by
still  more  attackers. UN air strikes produced  still  more
withering  fire  and  yet the Chinese  attacked  with  their
typical resolve.
Of all units on the field of battle that day, the "Glosters"
upheld  the honour of their ancestors even beyond the limits
of   human  endurance.  After  relief  efforts  failed   the
"Glosters"  refused to retreat. By battle's end,  surrounded
but  still fighting, scarcely 39 men of the original 800 had
survived.
By  the  26th, 29th Brigade withdrew to Ui Jongbu  with  25%
losses.   The  veteran  PRoC  Divisions  had  suffered   40%
casualties  and were virtually knocked out  of  the  war.  A
shining  example  of  heroism, the  defiant  stand  of  29th
Brigade  along the shallow banks of the Imjin had dealt  the
Chinese offensive a heavy blow, protecting the left flank of
I Corps and allowing for the defence of Seoul.
Even  more important, the Imjin battle had once again proven
UN  resolve to resist any military force, despite the  odds,
and  helped to force the enemy to the negotiating table  for
an eventual end to the bloody conflict.
This scenario has a map scale of 1 hex per 1/2 mile.
PLAYER'S NOTES
UN  FORCES. Your forces are represented in small units  with
each  Rgt equal to one Bn and each Bn equal to rough platoon
size.  This allows the tactical options which were available
to  your  historical  counterparts but severely  limits  the
amount  of damage each unit can take before its destruction.
With  that  in  mind,  you may attack effectively  but  must
attentively  watch fatigue, supply and losses. With  careful
management you can hold the PRoC onslaught to the end of the
scenario.
PRoC  FORCES. 29th Brigade is small but formidable. You  can
not  expect anything but heavy losses until about  turn  10.
With  careful use of probes and night attacks the tide  will
then  turn.  Try  to  decimate key defensive  positions  and
penetrate to objectives. With brilliant play you could  just
manage to win.
SCENARIO VARIANTS
(1) 29th Brigade had been deployed in "temporary" positions.
Thus  no  special  defensive efforts  had  been  undertaken,
despite  the  fact that it was known that large PRoC  forces
had  gathered to the north. Assume a more prudent course  of
action had been followed. Place mines at each river crossing
and  fortify one position of your choosing for each  of  the
three "Regt's" of 29th Brigade deployed along the river.
(2)  PRoC  forces suffered from their usual lack of  supply,
thus weakening their offensive effort just when exploitation
could have won the battle. Increase the Div HQ and each  Rgt
level  of  supply  by  "1"  to represent  better  logistical
planning.
(3)  With  three full divisions at their disposal, the  PRoC
might  have  done a better job of penetrating and encircling
the 29th Brigade positions. To simulate this ability, reduce
the adjacent enemy hex penalties for the PRoC by 2 point per
hex.

AFTERMATH
By  the  end  of April 1951, the JCS realised  that  it  was
unlikely  for the war to end by decisive victory for  either
side.  In  effect,  stalemate  had  occurred.  Seeking  non-
military pressure to force an end to the war, the UN General
Assembly placed an economic embargo on the PRoC on May 18th,
1951.
As  both sides sat down to negotiate, the delegations agreed
by late July to the certain terms.
(1) The adoption of an agenda for future talks.
(2)  The  creation of a "Demilitarised Zone" along the  38th
parallel.
(3) The creation of a body to supervise the DMZ.
(4) An arrangement for POW release.
(5)   The  development  of  recommendations  to  governments
concerned with the war.
As  political pressure stalled the UN advance, the PRoC took
advantage of the lull to entrench and fortify north  of  the
38th  parallel.  Virtual WWI trench warfare had  become  the
latest  twist in the Gordian knot of the Korean  War.  After
one  year of open warfare, two years of negotiation  dragged
on.  New  pressure was required to force the PRoC to  settle
the issue.
Following  the  death of Joseph Stalin and the  election  of
President  Eisenhower, the US renewed thinly veiled  threats
to use nuclear weapons. An armistice was signed in July 1953
but no formal peace treaty has ever been agreed upon.
In the course of the war, the US lost 34,000 troops, the ROK
50,000, the NKPR 500,000 and the PRoC 900,000. It should  be
noted  that  the  North  Korean and Chinese  casualties  are
American estimates and should possibly be taken with a grain
(or  ten) of salt. In addition, most of the Korean Peninsula
was laid waste.
Little was resolved between the emerging super-powers and if
one  benefit from this bloody war was evident,  it  was  the
horrific  cost  and  minimal gains of  conventional  warfare
fought by massive, modern and determined armies.





